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"An unforeseen event may be defined as something that happens suddenly and unexpectedly. Such events are seldom the result of an organisation's operational planning, but they can be side-effects of such planning. An unforeseen event may have either positive or negative consequences. This chapter aims to discuss if it is possible to prevent unforeseen events. The major focus is on analysis and prevention of unforeseen events with negative consequences, such as accidents, catastrophes and acts of terror. Such events often take place in complex systems, and failures of appropriate organisational interaction and communication among participants with complementary competence in such systems may contribute to unforeseen events. Risk-analysis methods and tools based on energy-barrier models, causal sequence and process models, as well as information-processing models are presented and their applicability to the prevention of unforeseen events is discussed. This also includes the Bow-tie approach, as well as other approaches which take into consideration organisational factors and social interaction (samhandling). The conclusion is that unforeseen events can be prevented. However, in the aftermath of the implementation of safety and security measures, it is not possible to know which events they prevented, or to obtain knowledge about their efficiency. An additional strategy for prevention of unforeseen events with negative consequences is proposed.".
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"The chapter describes and discusses interaction within the Norwegian Armed Forces. Military interaction is understood as the dynamic and sometimes unpredictable action undertaken when two or more services interact. The chapter explores why interaction between military services, such as land, sea and air forces, is difficult - and, in some circumstances, completely absent. How can inadequate interaction between the military branches be explained? As Europe's armed forces become increasingly complex and sophisticated, two perspectives from organisational theory are applied. First, an instrumental perspective is used to comprehend the problem. Particular attention is paid to the tension between hierarchical authority and the division of labour. Thereafter, a cultural perspective is used to comprehend inter-service rivalry. Here, attention is paid to informal rules and regulations, or habitual 'rules of thumb' that have become institutionalised over time. These 'the behavioural patterns' affect the way military services perceive themselves in contrast to others. The main finding is that Norway's Armed Forces suffer from 'limited rationality'. This is because Norway's military units operate within a fragmented command structure that consists of many different sub-organisations; individually, in times of peace in Norway, they pursue their own myopic agendas rather than a comprehensive national objective. In this process, the branches are also forced to compromise with each other to reach their individual objectives. A form of limited rationality therefore arises because the Army, Navy and Air Force act rationally. This is, however, not on the basis of what serves Norwegian security best, but on the basis of what is rational for their specific branch.".
Armed Forces --- Social interaction. --- Social aspects. --- Norway --- Armed Forces.
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Soldiers --- Armed Forces --- Religious life.
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Military bases. --- United States --- Armed Forces --- Commissariat.
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United States --- United States --- Armed Forces --- Personnel records --- Management. --- Armed Forces --- Personnel management.
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Soldiers --- Soldiers --- Training of --- Salaries, etc. --- United States --- United States --- United States --- United States. --- Armed Forces --- Personnel management. --- Armed Forces --- Operational readiness. --- Armed Forces --- Appropriations and expenditures.
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United States. --- United States. --- Operational readiness. --- Operational readiness. --- United States --- United States --- United States --- Armed Forces --- Appropriations and expenditures. --- Armed Forces --- Equipment. --- Armed Forces --- Procurement.
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United States. --- Appropriations and expenditures --- History. --- United States --- Armed Forces
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Women in combat --- United States --- Armed Forces --- Women.
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